我国空气净化器标准体系建设的思考

本文总结、综述了我国现有的空气净化器相关标准,包括直接、间接和引用相关标准,分析了现有标准体系的特点和存在的问题,对我国空气净化器标准体系的建设和完善,提出了一些制修订建议,希望借此建议推动规范空气净化器产品市场,从而更好地为消费者服务。     

Cattle manure biochar and earthworm interactively affected CO2 and N2O emissions in agricultural and forest soils: Observation of a distinct difference

• Earthworms increase CO₂ and N₂O emissions in agricultural and forest soil. • 10% biochar suppresses CO₂ and N₂O emissions in forest soil. • Biochar interacted with earthworm to significant affect CO₂ and N₂O emissions. The application of manure-derived biochar offers an alternative to avoid the direct application of manure to soil causing greenhouse gas emission. Soil fauna, especially earthworms, can markedly stimulate carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from soil. This study therefore investigated the effect of cattle manure biochar (added at rates of 0, 2%, or 10%, coded as BC0, BC2 and BC10, respectively) application, with or without earthworm Aporrectodea turgida, on emissions of CO₂ and N₂O and changes of physic-chemical properties of agricultural and forest soils in a laboratory incubation experiment. The BC10 treatment significantly enhanced cumulative CO₂ emissions by 27.9% relative to the untreated control in the agricultural soil. On the contrary, the BC2 and BC10 treatments significantly reduced cumulative CO₂ emissions by 16.3%–61.1% and N₂O emissions by 92.9%–95.1% compared to the untreated control in the forest soil. The addition of earthworm alone significantly enhanced the cumulative CO₂ and N₂O fluxes in agricultural and forest soils. Cumulative CO₂ and N₂O fluxes were significantly increased when BC2 and BC10 were applied with earthworm in the agricultural soil, but were significantly reduced when BC10 was applied with earthworm in the forest soil. Our study demonstrated that biochar application interacted with earthworm to affect CO₂ and N₂O emissions, which were also dependent on the soil type involved. Our study suggests that manure biochar application rate and use of earthworm need to be carefully studied for specific soil types to maximize the climate change mitigation potential of such management practices.     

Occurrence and distribution of micro- and mesoplastics in the high-latitude nature reserve,northern China

• The first study on micro(meso)plastics (MMPs) in the Liaohe River Reserve is reported. • Diverse MMP were detected in surface water and sediment at all 32 sites. • The abundance of MMPs decreased in the course of the river. • The MMPs abundance in water is significant association with the county population. Microplastics pollution has received growing attention worldwide in recent years. However, data on microplastics in the freshwater environment are still limited, especially in high-latitude nature reserves in Northern China. The first study on microplastic pollution in the Liaohe River Reserve in Northern China is reported here, and mesoplastics were also incorporated. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from 32 sites along the nature reserve. The abundance, type, shape, color, and size of micro- and mesoplastics were measured using density extraction, optical microscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. The data showed that diverse micro- and mesoplastics were found widespread in the 32 sites, and the average abundance of these plastics was 0.11±0.04 10⁻² items/L in surface water and 62.29±54.30 items/kg in sediment. Moreover, 70% and 66% were smaller than 2000 μm in surface water and sediment, respectively. Fiber accounted for 91.86% in surface water and 43.48% in sediment, indicating that the major source of micro- and mesoplastics in the Liaohe River Reserve may be domestic sewage and aquaculture. A total of 16 and 27 polymers were identified in surface water and sediment, respectively, and mostly consisted of rayon, polyester, polystyrene, and poly(ethylene terephthalate). Moreover, both the risk index and the pollution load index demonstrated a low risk of micro- and mesoplastics in surface water and sediment in the Liaohe River Reserve.     

Environmental effects on perishable product quality and trading under OBOR supply chain different route scenarios

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The world becomes advance rapidly, and the demand of perishable food increases in the global market. Food firms perceive the cheapest supply chain...     

共存阳离子对砷、硒和钒毒性效应的影响及预测模型研究

为探明并量化共存阳离子存在下含氧阴离子型金属在生物体中的毒性效应,以模式植物小麦(Triticum aestivumL.)为研究对象,通过单一变量控制实验,探究了4种阳离子(Ca⁽²⁺⁾、Mg(2+)、Mg⁽²⁺⁾、Na(2+)、Na⁺和K+和K⁺)对3种典型含氧阴离子型金属(AsO_4+)对3种典型含氧阴离子型金属(AsO_4^(3-)、SeO_3(3-)、SeO_3^(2-)和VO_4(2-)和VO_4^(3-))毒性的影响,并构建了静电作用模型来预测和评估As、Se和V的生态毒性效应与风险。结果表明,Ca(3-))毒性的影响,并构建了静电作用模型来预测和评估As、Se和V的生态毒性效应与风险。结果表明,Ca⁽²⁺⁾对As、Se和V毒性的影响呈现出3种不同的趋势：在相同设计浓度范围内Ca(2+)对As、Se和V毒性的影响呈现出3种不同的趋势：在相同设计浓度范围内Ca⁽²⁺⁾的增加显著引起了As毒性的减弱(Adj.R(2+)的增加显著引起了As毒性的减弱(Adj.R²=0.76,P<0.05)、V毒性的加剧(Adj.R2=0.76,P<0.05)、V毒性的加剧(Adj.R²=0.81,P<0.05),而对Se毒性却没有显著影响。当Mg2=0.81,P<0.05),而对Se毒性却没有显著影响。当Mg⁽²⁺⁾从0.20 mmol·L(2+)从0.20 mmol·L^(-1)增加到2.73 mmol·L(-1)增加到2.73 mmol·L^(-1)时,Se主导形态的半数有效活度值(EC_(50){HSeO+3(-1)时,Se主导形态的半数有效活度值(EC_(50){HSeO+3^-})从40.40 μmol·L-})从40.40 μmol·L^(-1)显著下降为27.98 μmol·L(-1)显著下降为27.98 μmol·L^(-1),即Se毒性增强到原来的1.44倍(Adj.R(-1),即Se毒性增强到原来的1.44倍(Adj.R²=0.79,P<0.05)。静电作用理论能够很好地解释Ca2=0.79,P<0.05)。静电作用理论能够很好地解释Ca⁽²⁺⁾(或Mg(2+)(或Mg⁽²⁺⁾)在显著增强V(或Se)毒性中发挥的作用,将这种静电作用影响纳入考虑成功构建了可以定量预测V(Adj.R(2+))在显著增强V(或Se)毒性中发挥的作用,将这种静电作用影响纳入考虑成功构建了可以定量预测V(Adj.R²=0.88)和Se(Adj.R2=0.88)和Se(Adj.R²=0.95)毒性的静电作用模型。研究结果弥补了目前含氧阴离子型金属生态毒性研究的不足,为含氧阴离子型金属的土壤污染生态风险评估提供了指导与参考。     

三甲基氯化锡对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)生理生化特性的影响

为初步探讨三甲基氯化锡(trimethyltin chloride,TMT)对鱼类的毒性效应以及评价环境中TMT的安全性,采用静态鱼类急性毒性试验法测定了TMT对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)生理生化指标的影响;参考TMT的96 h-LC50值,设定3个浓度(0.39、0.78和1.17 mg·L-1)处理斑马鱼,测...     

七种萘有机化合物对活性污泥的抑制作用

本文依据呼吸法测定的微生物耗氧速率,研究了七种萘有机化合物对活性污泥的抑制作用,建立了微生物相对呼吸速率与抑制物浓度之间的定量方程,据此方程计算了七种化合物在废水生物处理系统中的建议最高可容许浓度以及对微生物呼吸的半抑制浓度EC_（50）,并得到了EC_（50）与正辛醇-水分配系数lgK_（ow）之间的线性回归方程。     

Ag+-Cadion-Tx-100胶束增溶光度法测定废水中的氰化物

在ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００存在下,利用Ａｇ＋与Ｃａｄｉｏｎ的灵敏显色反应,建立了痕量氰化物的间接光度测定方法。该方法灵敏度高,选择性好,可用于废水中痕量氰化物的测定。测定范围为０—１０μｇ／２５ｍｌ,其相对标准偏差小于９．０％。     

利用铬渣制造微晶玻璃建筑装饰板

铬盐在生产过程中排出大量有毒废渣,对环境造成严重污染,以铬渣为主要原料,经熔制、成型、热处理和磨光等工序制成微晶玻璃建筑装饰板。铬渣掺量达５０％,产品可溶性铬残留量小于０．２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ,物理化学性能指标优于天然花岗石和天然大理石,本法除毒彻底,吃渣量大,拟建成的生产线每年可处理８０００ｔ铬渣,经济效益好,是铬渣治理的一条有效新途径。     

脉冲电晕放电去除NO的反应途径研究

对脉冲放电等离子体条件下去除NO的宏观反应机理进行研究结果表明,不同氧含量的氮气流中NO的脱除均同时存在氧化、分解与还原三条途径。气流中氧含量不同,起主导的反应也不相同。还考察了NH₃气、H₂O蒸气等调质剂对反应途径的影响。NH₃的加入有利于NO通过还原途径脱除,但同时导致生成N2O反应的加剧,而产生二次污染,由此说明NH3加入位置的重要性。水蒸气在等离子体作用下产生氧化性物种,有利于NO的氧化脱除。本实验条件下加入气流量1％的水气即能使NO氧化脱除率增加20％左右。实验还考察了电参数（峰值电压、脉冲重复频率等）对NO脱除反应的影响。最后对本实验条件下的反应机理进行推断,所得结果对脉冲电晕等离子体烟气脱NO工艺研究具有一定的指导意义。